Cinhil Aymeric Nygel Haldane, 22nd king of Gwynedd who shortly reigned in 1025. Synonyms for DICTATORSHIP: tyranny, autocracy, fascism, authoritarianism, totalitarianism, despotism, absolutism, autarchy; Antonyms of DICTATORSHIP: democracy . Political scientists such as Juan Jos Linz and Samuel P. Huntington identify key attributes that define the power structure of a dictatorship, including a single leader or a small group of leaders, the exercise of power with few limitations, limited political pluralism, and limited mass mobilization. The DD dataset covers the annual data points of 199 countries from 1946 (or date of independence) to 2008. However, many people in long-running dictatorships such as North Korea and Cameroon have never experienced anything else, so living in a dictatorship is much less jarring and shocking to them. [86] After a brief period of democratization, Latin America underwent a rapid transition toward dictatorship in the 1930s. Modern Dictatorships Between 1919 and 1939 there was a great reaction against democracy and dictatorship was established in many countries of the world. The dictator is the absolute ruler. [16], Most dictatorships are formed through military means or through a political party. This world dictators list has everyone from Adolf Hitler to Kim Jong Un to many lesser-known rulers. [17] Between 1946 and 2010, 42% of dictatorships began by overthrowing a different dictatorship, and 26% began after achieving independence from a foreign government. The classification depends on the rules outlining the relationship between a country's government, legislative assembly (often called the legislature), and head of state. Many dictatorships are also characterized by corruption, nepotism, and a cult of personality around the leader. [1] Popularly elected means that the head of state is directly elected by the citizens or elected by an assembly which then elects them (an example being the electoral college in the United States). He took control of the nation in 1973 after leading a coup that deposed elected leftist leader Salvador Allende. [126]This tactic involves policies on land reform, poverty alleviation, public health, housing, education, and employment programs that force citizens to be dependent on the state for relatively adequate living standards. Economies based on natural resources allow dictators more power, as they can easily extract rents without strengthening or cooperating with other institutions. In military dictatorships, it is the military that exerts complete or substantial control over the government rather than a political clique. He arose to power in Italy in 1922, following the so-called 'March on Rome', in which his . Those against dictatorship say personal rights are severely restricted, the system is generally based on force and violence, and it demands complete obedience. [54], Asia saw several military dictatorships during the post-classical era. List of Cons of Dictatorships. Preference falsification, Internal politics, data scarcity, and restriction of media are just a few examples of the dangers of a personalistic authoritarian regime. The Soviet economy became unsustainable, and communist governments lost the support of intellectuals. Adolf Hitler known for his Nazi party and the barbarities and fierceness during his autocracy rule. [47] Personalist dictatorships also experience growth differently, as they often lack the institutions or qualified leadership to sustain an economy. In personalist dictatorships, the elite corps are usually made up of close friends or family members of the dictator, who typically handpicks these individuals to serve their posts. Mao consolidated his control of the People's Republic of China with the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s, which involved the destruction of all elements of capitalism and traditionalism in China. [76][77] The Russian Revolution inspired a wave of left-wing revolutionary movements in Europe between 1917 and 1923, but none saw the same level of success. These movements supported pan-Arab Nasserism during most of the Cold War, but they were largely replaced by Islamic nationalism by the 1980s. Abstract. Perhaps someday some of these modern dictatorships will cast off their dictators and embrace a more democratic and inclusive form of government. Dictatorships frequently hold elections in order to establish their legitimacy or provide incentives to members of the ruling party, but these elections are not competitive for the opposition. They are more likely to end in violence and less likely to democratize than other forms of dictatorship. More complex economies require additional cooperation between the dictator and other groups. [28] Due to the structure of their leadership, one-party dictatorships are significantly less likely to face civil conflict, insurgency, or terrorism than other forms of dictatorship. Malcolm Congal Aidan Julian Haldane, 23rd king of Gwynedd, reigned 1025 to 1074. [145] Dictatorships may hold semi-competitive elections to qualify for foreign aid, to demonstrate a dictator's control over the government, or to incentivize the party to expand its information-gathering capacity, particularly at the local level. Rwanda - 1994 to present - Paul Kagame. One of the reasons for this is the fact that the military often has more cohesion and institutional structure than most of the civilian institutions of society. Since 1945 Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East have been common areas for all military dictatorships. Cuba - Dictatorship 5. [31], Personalist dictatorships are regimes in which all power lies in the hands of a single individual. Secret police are used to gather information about specific political opponents and carry out targeted acts of violence against them, paramilitary forces defend the regime from coups, and formal militaries defend the dictatorship during foreign invasions and major civil conflicts. [41], Personalist dictatorships fit the exact classic stereotype of authoritarian rule. Like right-wing, it is not a copyrighted term. Is North Korea a dictatorship? Communist dictatorships in the region aligned with China following the latter's establishment as a communist state. 1. Therefore, it is impossible to know if the regime is a democracy or a dictatorship, so DD Index considers them dictatorships until an alternation in power occurs. Click to visit dictatorship | Definition, Characteristics, Countries [45] Although, when it comes to polling and elections a dictator could use his power to override private preferences. [106], The nature of dictatorship changed in much of the world at the onset of the 21st century. During the first half of the 20th century, dictatorships took control of a number of technologically advanced countries. In some cases, nations may have multiple ruling bodies or government types, meaning they're not exclusively countries that are governed by dictatorships. Current dictatorships include Russia, Equatorial New Guinea, and North Korea. [8], Totalitarianism is a variation of dictatorship characterized by the presence of a single political party and more specifically, by a powerful leader who imposes personal and political prominence. Perhaps someday some of these modern dictatorships will cast off their dictators and embrace a more democratic and inclusive form of government. [35][36] These dictatorships often emerge either from loosely organized seizures of power, giving the leader opportunity to consolidate power, or from democratically elected leaders in countries with weak institutions, giving the leader opportunity to change the constitution. Stability can be weakened when opposition groups grow and unify or when elites are not loyal to the regime. Equatorial Guinea. Binary measure of democracy and dictatorship, Six-fold regime classification scheme and its rules, Comparison with other democracy-measuring data sets, Studies in Comparative International Development, "Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense", Przeworski, Alvarez, Cheibub, and Limongi: Democracy and development, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy-Dictatorship_Index&oldid=1141715357, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2023, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2023, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [citation needed]The typical military dictatorship in Latin America was ruled by a junta (derived from a Spanish word . He was a German legislator, organizer of Nazi party and furthermore filled in as Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945. [18], A classification of dictatorships, which began with political scientist Barbara Geddes in 1999, focuses on where power lies. Personalist regimes diverge from other regimes when it comes to their longevity, methods of breakdown, levels of corruption, and proneness to conflicts. A dictator may have a team of officials who advise him or her and help keep the government running, but these officials ultimately have very little control or influence. [79] Fascism developed in Europe as a rejection of liberalism, socialism, and modernism, and the first fascist political parties formed in the 1920s. [11], A dictatorship is formed when a specific group seizes power, with the composition of this group affecting how power is seized and how the eventual dictatorship will rule. [91], The Chinese Civil War ended in 1949, splitting the Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek and the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong. [2] The inner circle's support is necessary for a dictator's orders to be carried out, causing elites to serve as a check on the dictator's power. First is that an autocracy nearly always focuses power in a single individual person, whereas dictatorshipssingle-party dictatorships in particularsometimes spread the power throughout a small group of people (say, the leaders of the dictator's political party). Personalist dictators may be members of the military or leaders of a political party, but neither the military nor the party exercises power independently from the dictator. If it is, then a further distinction is made between democracies where the head of state is popularly elected and those where the head of state is not popularly elected. The Five Kinds of Dictatorship 1. [26] Ruling parties in one-party dictatorships are distinct from political parties that were created to serve a dictator in that the ruling party in a one-party dictatorship permeates every level of society. [48], An absolute monarchy is a monarchy in which the monarch rules without legal limitations. Mussolini abolished democracy in Italy in 1922 and became a dictator. Dictatorships are authoritarian or totalitarian and can be classified as military dictatorships, one-party dictatorships, personalist dictatorships, or absolute monarchies. [144] Since the end of the Cold War, more dictatorships have established "semi-competitive" elections in which opposition is allowed to participate in elections but is not allowed to win, with approximately two-thirds of dictatorships permitting opposition candidates in 2018. Parties that take power through violence are often able to implement larger changes in a shorter period of time. There are many countries that can be considered dictatorships, including North Korea, Cuba, and Venezuela. [131] A military coup is often carried out when a regime is threatening the country's stability or during periods of societal unrest. Dictators are incentivized to avoid the use of violence once a reputation of violence is established, as it damages the dictatorship's other institutions and poses a threat to the dictator's rule should government forces become disloyal. The methodology is derived from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, regardless of geopolitical, geographic, ethnic or religious considerations. 5. In addition to executive authority, Putin also holds judicial and legislative power, which enables him to change the law to fit his agenda. Changing Human Nature Needs a "Dictatorship of the Proletariat" . The chief executive can take many names including chancellor, prime minister, or premier and the heads of the executive departments can bear different names and be called different things. Poverty alleviation in these 10 dictatorship countries is in some cases associated with human rights abuses, violent crackdowns on the political opposition and indigenous people. Far-left and far-right dictatorships used similar methods to maintain power, including cult of personality, concentration camps, forced labour, mass murder, and genocide. Although it is true that some dictators are far more strict and overbearing than others, as a rule, dictatorships tend to result in a loss of personal autonomy, quality of life, and political choice for everyday citizens. The terms "autocrat" and "autocracy" are often used interchangeably with "dictator" and "dictatorship". The leaders of dictatorships are not outwardly identified as dictators when other people are addressing them. 2. Personalist dictatorships are more common in Sub-Saharan Africa due to less established institutions in the region. This list details eight of the world's current dictators and the poverty rates associated with each country. Terrible things have been done in the name of socialism and here are some of the most rigorous dictators. If it is not responsible, it is a presidential democracy. " Democracies are classified by the rules in which executives can be appointed or removed and can be either presidential, mixed or semi-presidential, or parliamentary. While autocratic countries are not always malevolent, they often still encounter resistance from citizens who would prefer to have a greater say in the government's policy-making process. After authoritarian monarchies, these tend to be the longest-lasting dictatorships, as they can more easily install a new dictator if the existing one leaves office (rare) or dies. The first distinction made is whether a democracy's government is responsible to the legislature. Its goal is to force compliance by demobilizing or annihilating actors of opposition. The premise of the "people's democratic dictatorship" is that the Chinese Party of China and the state represent and act on behalf of the people, but possess and may use powers against reactionary forces. Current dictatorships include Zimbabwe, Uzbekistan, and North Korea. North Korea - One man Dictatorship 2. [71] The aftermath of World War I resulted in a major shift in European politics, establishing new governments, facilitating internal change in older governments, and redrawing the boundaries between countries, allowing opportunities for these movements to seize power. As the Cold War went on, the Soviet Union increased its influence in Africa, and MarxistLeninist dictatorships developed in several African countries. African Dictators Today, they are "elected," as true democracies helplessly look on . Photo: Lars Klove. Some of the most famous dictators in history include Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, and Saddam Hussein. Due to it, the countries went towards dictatorship. Skyline of Downtown Dubai with Burj Khalifa from a Helicopter. The 20th century saw the rise of fascist and communist dictatorships in Europe; fascism was eradicated in the aftermath of World War II in 1945, while communism spread to other continents, maintaining prominence until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The DD index first classifies the regimes into two types: democracies and dictatorships. Keep note that the head of state, chief executive, government, and legislatures can have their official names be seemingly contradictory to this classification. They are not even defined terms of art within political science. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic Era, and the country's strategic location along the Silk Road connected it to the cultures of the Middle East and other parts of Asia. From the outside looking in, life within a dictatorship appears akin to being in a toxic relationship or living situation. It is the seventh largest country in Africa, and is bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean and Luanda is its capital city. Here are fifteen of the worst dictators from the 20 th century and what makes them stand out for censure. The dictator of Italy from 1925 to 1945, Benito Mussolini founded the Fascist Party in 1919. Sudan - 1989 to 2019 - Omar al-Bashir. A political rival accused Obiang of cannibalism in 2004, but no evidence to support the claim has ever surfaced. They are often characterized by their use of violence and repression to maintain power. A dictator that has concentrated significant power is more likely to be exiled, imprisoned, or killed after ouster, and accordingly they are more likely to refuse negotiation and cling to power. Current Dictators Kim Jong-un Kim Jong-un is North Korea's current dictator and the third generation Kim to rule the country, following the death of his father Kim Jong-il in 2011. As of 2020, there are 52 nations with a dictator or authoritarian regime ruling the country: Three in Latin America and South America, 27 in Asia and the Middle East, and 22 in Africa. This list answers the questions, "What countries are dictatorships?" 3. Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin were the leading examples of such modern totalitarian . [100] Josip Broz Tito declared a communist government in Yugoslavia during World War II, which was initially aligned with the Soviet Union. [95] A similar phenomenon took place in Korea, where Kim Il-sung created a Soviet-backed communist dictatorship in North Korea[96] and Syngman Rhee created a US-backed nationalist dictatorship in South Korea. Whether or not Putin is a dictator is a matter of some debate. Elites in personalist dictatorships often do not have a professional political career and are unqualified for positions they are given. The military takes control of the country (usually through a direct coup), installs the dictator of its choosing (typically the highest-ranking military officer), and uses force of arms to preserve its power.